![]() Results from the pooled data-analyses ( N = 528 participants) showed significant time-by-environment interactions with beneficial effects of nature compared to urban environments on BDS performance. To this end, data from 13 experiments are presented, and pooled data-analyses are performed. artificial environments/stimuli) (2) disentangle the effects of testing order (i.e., effects caused by the order in which experimental conditions are administered) from the effects of the environment interactions, and (3) test the (mediating) role of affective changes on BDS performance. urban environment interactions on BDS across different exposure types (e.g., real-world vs. Specific aims in this study were to: (1) evaluate the effect of nature vs. urban/built control environments, on an executive-functioning test with high demands on directed attention-the backwards digit span (BDS) task. urban environments on cognitive performance across all of our published and new/unpublished studies testing the effects of different interactions with nature vs. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the effects of nature vs. However, results vary across different studies. Interactions with natural environments and nature-related stimuli have been found to be beneficial to cognitive performance, in particular on executive cognitive tasks with high demands on directed attention processes. ![]() 5Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.4Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.3Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.2Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.1Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.Enns 4 Omid Kardan 1 John Jonides 5 Marc G.
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